应急准备

Calling 911

你知道每年有2.4亿人拨打911吗?

如果几乎一半的电话都是不必要的呢? And that is bad, because it keeps them from being able to respond to real emergencies.

If you are calling about a real emergency, the first thing is to stay as calm as you can. The are trained professionals use a series of questions to get you the right assistance in the shortest time...所以只要听并回答. 他们可能会问你更多的问题，所以如果你知道答案，这真的很有帮助. You could also be asked to describe someone’s symptoms, so get in there and do the best you can.

即使你或其他人不小心拨打了911...don't hang up. 911调度员可能会认为你试着打电话，但打不出来.

Remember, anytime you are not comfortable with a medical situation, you should call for help. 通过迅速行动，你可能会避免严重的紧急情况，并可能挽救生命.

制定个人计划

灾难发生后立即, there may be a brief or long term disruption in vital services such as running water, electricity, 以及通信来源.

Talk with your family about potential disasters that might affect your area and the importance of being prepared.

让所有家庭成员参与识别潜在风险/危害, 撤离你家和你家附近的路线, 如果你们分开了，还有一个见面的地方.

Additionally, develop a communications plan on how you will communicate if members of your family are separated and who the point-of-contact will be. 当紧急情况发生时，你的家人可能不在一起, so it is important to plan in advance how you will contact one another and how you will get back together.

Learn CPR

What is CPR?

心肺复苏术(CPR)是在某人呼吸或脉搏停止时进行的. 如果两者都停止了，那么就发生了猝死. 猝死的原因包括中毒, drowning, choking, suffocation, electrocution, or smoke inhalation. 但是，猝死最常见的原因是心脏病发作.

Despite the fact that CPR is proven to save lives — patient recovery rates are better when bystanders initiate resuscitation and there’s a greater likelihood of survival with less damage to heart muscles and the brain — studies suggest that less than one-third of people experiencing cardiac arrest outside of a medical center receive the help they need.

如果你或你认识的人有上述任何警告信号，立即采取行动. 拨打911或当地的紧急电话. 如果需要的话，如果你受过训练，可以做心肺复苏术，或者询问受过训练的人.

About hands-only CPR

当一个人突然倒下，没有呼吸或脉搏时, bystanders are often reluctant to assist with CPR for fear of doing it wrong or making the situation worse. Because less than one-third of sudden cardiac arrest victims receive CPR before they get to the hospital, 美国心脏协会正在推广人工心肺复苏术. 该技术包括两个步骤:拨打911, 然后用力快速地按压受害者的胸部中央. Hands-only CPR can help a heart attack victim survive 3 to 5 minutes—possibly enough time until emergency medical services arrive.

我应该接受心肺复苏术培训吗?

CPR certification means you have had the necessary training and practice and can comfortably do this lifesaving technique. 很多组织都有很好的心肺复苏术培训项目, 每年帮助挽救成千上万人的生命, including the 皇冠hga025大学洛杉矶分校院前护理中心.  

How to Stop Bleeding

Did you know that trauma is the fourth leading cause of death in America and bleeding is the #1 cause of preventable death following injury?

尽管事实上几乎任何人都可以控制危及生命的出血. 你所需要的只是你的双手和一点技术诀窍.

在紧急情况下，寻求帮助. 拨打911或让其他人拨打. Find the source of the bleeding and cover the wound with a cloth or an article of clothing and apply direct, steady, 双手按压，直到救援到来.

如果病人失去知觉，尽可能让他们侧卧，伤口包扎好.

一旦出血得到控制, 只要确保受伤的人呼吸顺畅舒适就可以了. If you can’t stop the bleeding with continuous direct pressure, you can apply a tourniquet.

Applying a tourniquet requires another person to help and should only be done as a last resort.

要了解更多关于额外实践培训的信息，请访问 皇冠hga025大学洛杉矶分校院前护理中心. 

地震意识和防备

If you are indoors:

• 蹲下，掩护，坚持住;
• 不要站在门口或跑到外面;
• 如果你不能钻到桌子下面, 站在内墙或建筑物的内角旁边, 蹲下并用手臂遮住脖子和头部. Use a doorway for shelter ONLY if it is in close proximity to you AND if you know it is a strongly supported, load bearing doorway;
• 如果你正在做饭，在你躺下盖上盖子之前关掉炉子;
• 如果你在床上，躺在床上，用枕头盖住你的头.

If you are outdoors:

• Stay there!
• 远离建筑物、电线和电线杆;
• 一旦到了户外，就呆在那里，直到震动停止.
• 如果你在海岸上，立即转移到地势较高的地方.

If you are driving:

• 不要在立交桥、桥梁或隧道内或地下停车;
• 不要在电线、灯柱、树木或标志下或附近停车;
• 将车辆拉到路边，并设置紧急刹车;
• 待在车里，直到地震结束.

如果你被困在废墟下:

• Do NOT light a match;
• 不要四处走动或扬起灰尘;
• 用一块衣服或布捂住嘴;
• 轻敲管道或墙壁，这样救援人员就能找到你. 如果有哨子，请使用哨子. 只有在万不得已的时候才喊. 大喊大叫会使你吸入大量危险的灰尘;
• Stay calm.

Fires

每年，火灾造成的死亡人数超过了所有自然灾害的总和. Living in Southern California, wildfires, residential and structural fires are part of everyday life. Understanding the hazards in and around your home, could potentially save your home and your family.

• 每隔几个月检查一下家里的烟雾探测器.
• Clear all dry brush around your home and comply with your local fire department requirements regarding brush clearance.
• 在打开任何一扇门之前，都要摸一摸门，看看门是不是热的. 如果不是，小心地打开门，站在门后. 做好迅速关闭的准备.
• 如果命令撤离，不要犹豫. 由于野火，出口路线可能被封锁.
• Know evacuation routes out of your home, and at least 2 routes out of your neighborhood.
• Keep fire extinguishers in your home; particularly the kitchen.
• 教所有的家庭成员如何使用它们.
• 在你的车里至少放半箱汽油.

More tips on:

• 如何减少你家周围的火灾隐患
• 遇到红旗天气时该怎么办
• 野火发生时该怎么做
• 火灾后该怎么做

Terrorism

Terrorism is the use of force or violence against persons or property in violation of the criminal laws of the United States for purposes of intimidation, coercion, or ransom.

Acts of terrorism include threats of terrorism; assassinations; kidnappings; hijackings; bomb scares and bombings; cyber attacks (computer-based); and the use of chemical, biological, 核武器和放射性武器.

一般安全指引:

• 注意你周围的环境.
• 了解你的邻居.
• 向上级报告可疑活动 联合区域情报中心.
• 旅行时采取预防措施.
• 注意显眼或不寻常的行为.
• 不接受陌生人的包裹.
• 不要把行李放在无人看管的地方. 你应该及时报告不寻常的行为, 可疑或无人看管的包裹, 和奇怪的设备，警察或保安人员.
• 国际旅行时, 不要在你的门上使用“请勿打扰”的标志，因为它表明有人入住.
• 了解你经常出入的建筑物的紧急出口在哪里. 计划如何在紧急情况下离开.
• 准备好没有你通常依赖的服务——电力, telephone, natural gas, gasoline pumps, cash registers, ATMs, 和互联网交易.

Floods

洪水影响着美国的每个州. 不管你住在哪里, 你应该知道洪水的情况, signs, 并了解如果你受到洪水的影响该怎么做.

你住在洪水易发地区吗?

如果你所在地区可能发生洪水，你应该:

• Be aware of flood terminology.
• 听收音机或电视获取信息.
• 请注意，可能会发生山洪暴发. 如果有任何山洪暴发的可能性，立即转移到地势较高的地方. 不等指示就行动.
• Be aware of streams, drainage channels, canyons, and other areas known to flood suddenly. Flash floods can occur in these areas with or without such typical warnings as rain clouds or heavy rain.

如果你必须准备撤离，你应该做以下的准备:

• Secure your home. 如果你有时间，带上户外家具. 把必需品搬到楼上去.
• 如果接到指示，关闭主开关或阀门上的公用设施. 断开电器. 如果你是湿的或站在水里，不要触摸电气设备.

如果你必须离开家，记住这些疏散提示:

• 不要在流动的水中行走. 6英寸深的流水会让你摔倒. 如果你必须在水里走，走在水不动的地方. 用一根棍子检查前方地面的牢固程度.
• 不要开车进入淹水地区. 如果洪水在你的车周围上涨, 如果安全的话，弃车到地势较高的地方去. 你和车很快就会被冲走.

以下是在水浸情况下驾驶时应注意的要点:

• Six inches of water will reach the bottom of most passenger cars causing loss of control and possible stalling.
• 一英尺深的水会漂起许多车辆.
• Two feet of rushing water can carry away most vehicles including sport utility vehicles (SUV's) and pick-ups.

Flood Terminology

这些是你应该知道的常用洪水术语, 如果你在洪水易发地区.

• Flood Watch
  Flooding is possible. 收听NOAA天气广播、商业广播或电视获取信息.
• Flash Flood Watch
  山洪暴发是可能的. Be prepared to move to higher ground; listen to NOAA Weather Radio, commercial radio, 或者通过电视获取信息.
• Flood Warning
  Flooding is occurring or will occur soon; if advised to evacuate, do so immediately.
• Flash Flood Warning
  A flash flood is occurring; seek higher ground on foot immediately.

Disaster Preparedness

灾难过后，每个人的反应都不一样. 大多数反应被认为是正常的，是暂时的. 然而，预测可能的反应可以帮助你成功转变.

当你准备回家时，考虑一下这些常见的反应:

下面是一些可以帮助你应对这些反应的策略:

• 和别人谈谈你的感受——愤怒, sorrow, 以及其他情绪——尽管这可能很难.
• 向处理灾后压力的专业咨询师寻求帮助.
• Do not hold yourself responsible for the disastrous event or be frustrated because you feel you cannot help directly in the rescue work.
• 采取措施，通过健康的饮食来促进你自己的身体和情感的愈合, rest, exercise, relaxation, and meditation.
• 维持正常的家庭和日常生活, 限制自己和家人的责任.
• 花时间与家人和朋友在一起.
• 利用现有的家庭、朋友和宗教机构的支持团体.
• Ensure you are ready for future events by restocking your disaster supplies kits and updating your family disaster plan. 做这些积极的行为会让人感到安慰.